Thursday, December 26, 2019

Should Teens Have Pay For Being Insane - 2440 Words

Andrea Cantu Rough Draft Pavlecic ERWC 4 4 May 2015 Should Teens Have to Pay for Being Insane? All over the United States, thousands of teens have been tried as adults. Around three thousand have been sentenced to life in prison without parole. Teens thirteen years old have been sentenced to die in prison, without any attention to their age or offense. Now tell me if i’m crazy but these kids won’t even be able to live their life, not get the chance to experience how life really is, or graduate, get married, or have kids. Their life will never begin because they are going to trapped in a place where they might be influenced to commit the crime again or any crime for that matter. Everyone knows that teens make stupid decisions, but†¦show more content†¦The real problem is discipline, if kids are not disciplined as they get older then it s already too late in their teenage years. Now i m not saying that every teen is like this, but it s a majority of teens that just don t care and do what they want. So why not try to help these teens instead of throwing th em in jail with people that might influence them to keep doing those things and think about their future and how we can help them for the better. Why send them to a place where they are surrounded by bad people. Now i’m not saying that every teen should just get help, it all depends on the crime. Like if they are selling drugs or they steal from a store they should not be tried as an adult because that is normal teen behavior. But at the same time that doesn’t mean that it’s okay, but it is something that you will hear a lot about that thats what teens get in trouble for. Now, if they kill someone, or stab, or shoot someone then they should be tried as an adult because then something is really wrong with you. But even then, It†s not a good idea to put them in a place where people have had experience with stuff like that. That would do nothing for them and they would keep doing the same thing.Too many people have been to jail and back, for drugs and stealing, and that does nothing for them. Reporter from CNN News Mathew Roden â€Å" Some young teens cannot manage the emotional, social,

Wednesday, December 18, 2019

Theory Of The Field Image Repair Theory - 1687 Words

Theories of the field Image Repair Theory (IRT), created by William L. Benoit, evolved from the theory of apologia. The idea of apologia is that it is â€Å"natural for an attack on a person’s character to create a response from that person because when the public witnesses an attack on a person’s morality, motives or reputation, they expect a response from the accused,† (Brown, 2015, p.15). If someone takes a shot at a person’s character, people want to see what that person’s response. The way in which a person responds to a personal attack will show the public what a person’s true character is. The public will then form an opinion about the accused person, giving the person a good or bad image. Individuals place great importance on their image and reputation and when an image is threatened, people are motivated to do anything it takes to protect it. -Definition of Image Repair Theory (Benoit) -Benoits response strategies -Evaluate using LittleJohn However, Coombs (2010) and Coombs and Schmidt (2000) argued that IRT was not specifically designed for organizational crisis communication and is more geared toward the repair of an individual’s image, which led to the development of SCCT as an organizational crisis communication theoretical framework. P.25 Situational crisis communication theory- Coombs What is a Case Study? A case can consist of an individual, a group, a community, an institution, or even countries. Miller and Salkind argue, â€Å"The case study approach toShow MoreRelatedThe Different Types Of Academic Journals825 Words   |  4 Pagesacademic discipline. 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In 1946, an astrophysicist named Dr. Lyman Spitzer proposed that a telescope in space would reveal better and clearer images that are even far from earth than any ground telescope. This idea was very extravagant because no one had yet launched a rocket into outer space. As the US space program excelled quickly over the early years, Spitzer lobbied NASA and Congress to develop a space telescope. In 1975, the European

Tuesday, December 10, 2019

Qumran, the Essenes and the Dead Sea Scrolls Essay Example For Students

Qumran, the Essenes and the Dead Sea Scrolls Essay Qumran, The Essenes and the Dead Sea ScrollsPreambleThe grass withers and the flowers fall but the word of our God stands forever Isaiah 40.8Mohammed Dib, a Bedouin shepherd of the TAmireh tribe (Keller, 1957, 401) could not have known that he would be the person who, in 1947, would bring to bear the words of Isaiah 40.8 This shepherd boy had been clambering around the clefts and gullies of a rock face on Wadi Qumran, north of the Dead Sea hoping to find one of his lost lambs. Thinking that it could have taken refuge in a cave he threw stones at the opening. He heard a jar break, became fearful and ran to fetch his fellow tribesmen. What they discovered were written scrolls of ancient papyrus, stuffed in jars and wrapped in linen. The Bedouins thought that they could make money on the black market in Bethlehem so sold them for a few shekels. A bundle of four of these scrolls was purchased by the Orthodox Archbishop of Jerusalem, Yeshue Samuel who then stored them in St. Marks Monaste ry. (Albright, 1954, 403)From this point in time interest in the scrolls escalated and in 1949 the Oriental Institute in Chicago invited Yeshue Samuel to submit the scrolls for examination. The Dead Sea Scrolls were given extensive and exhaustive examinations including carbon testing which indicated that because the linen they were wrapped in was made from flax which had been harvested in the time of Christ that the scrolls were seen to have been copied around 100 B.C. (Albright, 1954, 404). From the time of the initial discovery there was also an upsurge in archeological expeditions to the area. One such expedition was in 1949 when Father Roland de Vaux, Dominican Director of the French Ecole Biblique et Archeologique at Jerusalem and Professor Lankester Harding the British Director of the Department of Antiquities in Amran arrived in Qumran. After the initial disappointment of finding no complete scrolls or jars they literally examined the floor of the cave with their fingernail s. What they found allowed them to come to some astonishing conclusions (they found fragments and potsherds relating to Graeco-Roman times, dating from 30 B.C. to A.D. 70. Six hundred tiny scraps of leather and papyrus made it possible to recognize Hebrew transcriptions from Genesis, Deuteronomy, and the book of Judges, pieces of linen fabric which had served to wrap up the scrolls completed the meager spoils. (Keller,406-407)Professor Lankester Harding stated in a journal article for the Society of Oriental Research in 1956 thatThese unexpected discoveries are perhaps the most sensational archeological event of our time. There have been 400 manuscripts including 100 Biblical manuscriptsdiscovered. These include every book in the Old Testament with the exception of Esther. The best known is the complete book of Isaiah. The scrolls and fragmentsWhich come from Qumran date from 200 B.C. to A.D. 68. Those from Wadi Murabbaat go up to A.D. 132-135. In the Khirbet Qumran near the cave wh ere the first discoverieswere made there has been found the ruins of a cemetery and a settlement which had beenthe nucleus of a Jewish community which Father de Vaux views as possibly being the wilderness retreat of the Essenes. It will take a whole generation of Biblical scholars toassess the value of these manuscripts (Harding, 1956)IntroductionIndeed, some 50 years have elapsed and many Biblical scholars have assessed the manuscripts. It will not be the purposes of this paper to debate the validity of the documents nor enter into archeological debate, this paper however will in Section 1, provide further historical evidence in support of the Essenes sect dwelling at Qumran. The writer will present an outline of the monastic lifestyle of the Essenes, their closed community, their laws and beliefs. The hypothesis of this paper will be to attest that the Essenes were a separatist Jewish sect who formed an ascetic monastic community at Qumran. The writer will also attest as a second point that it is possible from the accounts of various writers studied for this research paper (Lohse,1974 et.al) to formulate a theory supporting the Essenes copying or collecting the scrolls at Qumran and depositing them in the caves of the adjacent hills for safe keeping. The next section of this paper will focus on providing an outline of the contents of the scrolls and the identification system of the Dead Sea Scrolls and fragments of the manuscripts. The emphasis will be placed on those scrolls, which are seen to relate to the Essene community and those scrolls, which are books of the Bible. The writer will expand on the theory that the Essenes may have believed they were living their last days and may have interpreted writings by the prophets in the Old Testament as relating to the end of the w orld as they knew it. A further point, which is only a notion of the writer and certainly only conjecture, will be that because the Dead Sea Scrolls are the oldest known copies of Jewish scripture in existence, that the study of the community who lived at Qumran may provide us with further evidence in the scrolls of the coming of Jesus Christ. Because of the time the Essenes dwelt at Qumran there may even be links to the Essenes having met with Jesus and studied Jesus words as well as the words of the Old Testament which were preserved in the scrolls although this is not within the scope of this paper to enter into such an advances theological and historical debate, These points will be raised as points of interest only. This paper will rely upon the first hand reports of three writers of the historical period to provide a glimpse into the lifestyle of the Essenes. These writers being the Jewish philosopher of Egyptian dispersion Philo of Alexandria, Egypt, Flavius Josephus, the famous Jewish historian and priest-general at the time of the Jewish War and Pliny the Elder who died in 79 A.D. Pliny incorporated information about the sect in his work entitled Natural History. (Dupont-Summer,1967) Josephus was born and raised in Judea where the Essenes actually dwelled (Dupont-Summer, 1967) and wrote his first account of the Essene community between 70 and 75 A.D (Burrows, 1958). These writers give an historical outline of the Essene philosophy and lifestyle. Josephus, Philo and Pliny will be quoted and paraphrased leaving the skeletal framework of the Essenes lifestyle and beliefs to give an overview of the Essene community. Josephus wrote the first reference to the Essenes in his document entitled The J ewish War. He states that the Essenes had an uncanny ability to successfully predict future events as well as a unique philosophy (Josephus,1958). He goes on to sayThe Essenes are Jews by race, but are more closely united among themselvesby mutual affection, and by their efforts to cultivate a particularly saintly life. They renounce pleasure as an evil, and regard continence and resistance to passionsas a virtue. They disdain marriage for themselves, being content to adopt thechildren of others at a tender age in order to instruct them. They despise riches. When they enter the sect they must surrender all of their money and possessions intothe common fund, to be put at the disposal of everyone; one single property for thewhole group. Therefore neither the humiliation of poverty nor the pride of possessionis to be seen anywhere among them. They make a point of having their skindry and of always being clothed in white garments. In their various communaloffices, the administrators are elected and appointed without distinction. Theyare not just in one town only, but in every town several of them form a colony. they welcome members from out of town as co-equal brothers and even thoughperfect strangers, as though they were intimate friends. For this reason they carrynothing with them when they travel, they are, however, armed against brigands. They do not change their garments or shoes until they have completely worn out. They neither buy nor sell anything among themselves. They give to each other freelyand feel no need to repay anything in exchange. Before sunrise they recite certainancestral prayers to the sun as though entreating it to rise. They work until about 11 am when they put on ritual loincloths and bathe for purification. They then enter a communal hall, where no one else is allowed and eat only one bowl full of food for each man, together with their loaves of bread. They eat in silence and afterward they lay aside their sacred garmentand go back to work until the evening. At evening they partake dinner in the same manner. They are very careful not to exhibit their anger, careful ly controlling such outbursts. They are very loyal and are peacemakers. They refuse to swear oaths, believing themselves to be stronger than an oath. They are scrupulous students of the ancient literature. They are ardentstudents in the healing of diseases, of the roots offering protection and of the propertyof stones. They are sworn to love truth and to pursue liars. They must never steal. They are not allowed to keep any secrets from other members of the sect; but they are warned to reveal nothing to outsiders, even under the pain of death. They are not allowed to alter the books of the sect, and must keep all the information secret. The name of the Lawgiver, after God, is a matter of great veneration to them; if anyone blasphemed the name of the lawgiver he was sentenced to death. Those members convicted of grave faults are expelled from the order. In matters of judgment the Essenes leaders are very exact and impartial. (Josephus, 1958)Philos accounts of the EssenesThe Essenes li ve in a number of towns in Judea, and also in many villages and inlarge groups. They do not enlist by race, but by volunteers who have a zeal forrighteousness and an ardent love of men. For this reason there are no young children,or even adolescents or young men amount the Essenes. Instead they are menof old or ripe years, who have leaned to control their bodily passions. Theypossess nothing of their own, not house, field, slave nor flocks and live togetherin brotherhoods and eat in common together. They do not offer animal sacrifices. Superman vs. Christ EssayOnly the findings which are seen to relate exclusively to the theory presented in this paper that there was a community at Qumran are listed below. This is by no means an exhaustive list of the total findings at Qumran and surrounding areas but relate purely to the theory presented in this paper as the possibility of the sect who lived at Qumran being the Essenes and as such, they were the sect who transcribed and preserved the manuscripts found at Qumran. These manuscripts or fragments are:Rule of the Community (or Manual of Discipline IQS) comes from the early years of the sect in theSecond Century B.C. Some have thought that the sects founder The Teacher of Rightiousness is the author and was seen as a working manual for the sect of the Essenes. (p371)Rule of the Congregation (or Messianic Rule iQSa) commences with a rule for all the congregation of Israel at the end of days. There is reference to the blessing of the bread and wine and the Messiah of Isr ael extending his hand over the bread. (p372)Book of Blessings (iQSb) This scroll contained a collection of benedictions for the Faithful, the High Priest, the Sons of Zadok the Priest, and the Prince of the Congregation. Scholars have found biblical basis from Genesis 1:27, Matt 19:4 and Matt 12:11 (p372)Damascus Document (CD) in this there are exhortations which offer a brief history of the sect which entered into a new covenant and went from the land of Judea to the land of Damascus. They pledged to keep the commandments of the teacher until the coming of the Anointed One out of Aaron and Israel and prescriptions which offer information about the community. (p374))War Scroll (iQM) this gives the Rule for the War of the Sons of Light against the Sons of Darkness. The Sons of Light are the exiles of the wilderness and the Sons of Darkness are the traditional enemies or Israel in the Old Testament. (p375)Thanksgiving Hymns (iQH) scholars suggest that the hymns were written by the Teacher of Righteousness and that the author as one to whom God has given his mysteries and to be the bearer and interpreter of Gods Truth (p374)Habakkuk Commentary (iQpHab)- this is a major surviving representation of the genre of writing much employed at Qumran which is characterized by the interpretation of Biblical text as foretelling contemporary events. This method of dealing with biblical texts is important to Early Christian interpretation of the Old Testament. (p375)Genesis Apocraphron (iQapGen) rewriting and supplementing Genesis seems to have been a popular thing to do in late Judaism. This work is perhaps valuable for providing a sample of Aramaic at the beginning of the Christian era. (p376)Copper Scroll (3Q15 or 3Qtreasure) this contains a list of topographical treasures and their hiding places. The treasures may or may not have had anything to do with the Qumran but may have been the Essenes method of attempting to preserve treasures in the event of a Roman or othe r invasion. (p376)Temple Scroll (iiQTemple) Approximately 28 feet long, this is the longest of the scrolls and contain points of contact with the Qumran community in relation to interpreting the law and the calendar. The handwriting of the scroll is that of the early first century. (p376-377)The scrolls mentioned above all make mention of some part of the Qumran community. And are further evidence to support the theory of this paper that there was a community at Qumran which was monastic in its habits and was entrusted to copying and preserving the scrolls. From the accounts of Josephus, Philo and Pliny already stated, one could now begin to piece together the community at Qumran itself, its daily life, its beliefs and its philosophies. To give the Essenes priority as being this community would not, I believe be presumptuous. Having read some accounts of the Pharisees, Sadducces, and Zealots, none of these sects come close to the Essenes in lifestyle and beliefs.. Given the documented laws and philosophies of the community and the findings in the scrolls it is the writers notion that the thesis of this paper can be supported. Because of the time frame in which the Essenes are reported to have lived it may even be reasonable to suggest that some circumstantial evidence may even be available to support the theory that the Essenes at some point in time met with or even followed the teachings of Jesus! This theory could be a paper on its own merits therefore only two points will be made which may support this theory. There are two references to the Anointed One in the accounts above as well as references to the Messiah! Two theories emerge as to who the Anointed One may have been. Firstly, this person may have actually been the sects founder, The Teacher of Righteousness, or secondly, it might just as easily be argued that this person was actually Jesus. There is certainly only one Messiah, so did the Essenes know of Jesus or did they know from the prophesies of the Old Testament? There is evidence that scholars have found fragments of Matthew 12:11 if this is the case then there the case becomes somewhat stronger because the actual text of Matthew 12:11 has Jesus actually saying if any of you has a sheep that has fallen into a pit on the Sabbath, will you not take hold of it and lift it out NIV. Did the Essenes know of Jesus prior to Matthew writing his Gospel? Were the Essenes entrusted to the copying of Matthews Gospel or did the Essenes actually walk with Jesus? There are certainly some schoo ls of thought which may support this theory. The community was seen as one which was pious with intense religious fervor, a community which by its own doctrine may have given others the opinion that they were selfless servants who were perhaps delivering messages from the Messiah in their writings. Whether it will ever be established that the Essenes were connected with the teachings of Jesus will probably to coin the words of Lankaster take another generation of Biblical Scholars to assess the value of the manuscripts!ConclusionFor most Christians, the scrolls at Qumran are living proof that the scriptures we have today stem from documents that have changed little, if at all, over two thousand years of copying and re copying. Accounts of the historical scholars of the Essenes lifestyle are indicators of their beliefs and capacity to adequately copy documents. We as Christians are indeed fortunate to have the words of the Bible exist in a state able to be translated by scholars as living proof of our faith and our history. The Dead Sea scrolls found at Qumran ring out absolute proof of the prophesy in the Old Testament to the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ. Mohammed Dib, the Bedouin shepherd could not have known in 1947 when he found the Dead Sea Scrolls that he had just walked a similar path to the young Saul, who went out to find his fathers lost donkeys and inherited a kingdom. 1Sam.9 NIV. He could not have known that The Dead Sea scrolls, not only would give the world historical evidence of the existence of the Essenes as a sect of Judiasm and perhaps proof of his own ancestry but they also give the world proof that the words of the Bible could not have been invented for the purpose of Christianity, that they are in fact the Word of God. Works CitedAlbright, W.F. Archeology and the Religion of Israel. The Bible as History Ed. Werner Keller. Trans. William Neil. London: 1956 Hodder and Stoughton. 403Burrows, Millar. More Light on the Dead Sea Scrolls and New Interpretations. New York: 1955. The Viking Press. 1958. 180. Dupont-Sommer, A. The Essene Writings from Qumran. New York: 1962. 23-38Ferguson, F. Backgrounds of Early Christianity. 1987. Grand Rapids, Mich: 1990. William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company 1990. 369-421Harding, L. Journal of the Society of Oriental Research (JSOR). The Bible as History. Ed. Werner Keller. Trans. William Neil. London: 1956 Hodder and Stoughton. 409- 410Josephus Flavius, The Jewish War. Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England. 1959 Penguin Books Ltd. 129Lohse, E. The new Testament Environment. Trans. John E. Steeley. 1974 London: SCM Press. 1989: 89-115Tushingham, A. Douglas. The Men who hid the Dead Sea Scrolls. December. 1958: National Geographic MagazineVardaman, J. The Earliest Fragments of the New Testament. 1971-72: Expository Times 374-376

Tuesday, December 3, 2019

War in Afghanistan Essays - AfghanistanUnited States Relations

War In Afghanistan The war in Afghanistan is one of the longest wars in the United States history. The United States army has been there since 9/11/2001. In February 2009, President Barack Obama ordered 17,000 He plans on sending another 30,000 troops this year. This war has sparked many anti-war efforts. Many parents of killed soldiers are pushing for extraction of the troops. Many of our troops have died there for another nation that has many people who hate the United States. As always, though, there are people that want to stay in the war. They want Afghanistan to become a nation that can handle itself. Some argue that the war in Afghanistan is wrong because of all or our troops dying; however, ultimately it is the right thing to do to help Afghanistan because they need help setting up their government, building a strong enough army, and keeping the Taliban from gaining control again. The war in Afghanistan has caused many deaths. Many young men have died there fighting for a country that's not the United States. This is why many parents have been pushing to get the troops in the Middle East brought back home to the Unites States. It is a unfortunate thing that so many of our troops are dying for another country. This is why so many have spoken out against the war. "Obama said there'd be one combat battalion coming home per month, and that has not happened." said Cindy Sheehan, one of the leaders of the anti-war movement. Many parents are angry about their children dying in the war to protect a foreign country. Obama plans on sending 30,000 more troops to Afghanistan in the upcoming years "Activist Cindy Sheehan Revives Anti-War Efforts". This is one of the main reasons people are getting mad because he said he would be withdrawing troops "Activist Cindy Sheehan Revives Anti-War Efforts". It has also caught the attention of many politicians: "Activist Ralph Nader told protesters Mr. Obama had essentially continued the policies of the Bush administration" "Thousands in Anti-War Rally". All of these are logical reasons, but it is a really good thing we are doing to help a country in need. The United States presence in Afghanistan is helping the Afghanistan government buildup strength. It is giving them the crucial time that they need to make their government strong when it was all out of shape and not working as a unit "Baker and Kolay". The United States government is collaborating with the Afghanistan government to help them build a stable government that can last the test of the Taliban when the United States leaves. Although there are tensions that are rising between the two nations' governments, they still stand strong in their alliance. This is because the Afghanistan government knows they could not do it alone "Baker and Kolay". The United States helped set up the Afghanistan government after the Taliban lost control of the country. If the United States were to pull out now like so many want, lots of people would die. Also the Afghanistan government would fall apart. The United States is giving the Afghanistan government time to make policies, and laws that are crucial to running a country "Baker and Kolay". United States officials are being very hard on the Afghanistan government about how they should run their country. President Karzai is strong leader, but the United States must stay because Afghanistan simply isn't ready to protect itself yet. Obama did pay a visit to Afghanistan but it was a really short one and it was at night "King". This made many people angry at Obama in Afghanistan because they say it was very chicken thing to do. It was also his first time to Afghanistan in 14 months "King". Many people described Karzai's behavior to President Obama as indifferent. Also there are many that said that his mood toward Obama was very pleasant and friendly "King". Many people in Afghanistan think we are there just for ourselves and not to help them get back on their feet. United States Secretary of State Hillary Clinton had a conversation with President Karzai delivering a very clear message about how he needs to get